The NuProship I project (Nuclear Propulsion for Merchant Ships I),
proposed by Professor Jan Emblemsvåg as the Principal Investigator of
NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) in Norway—the
Project's Coordinating Entity—within an international consortium
including other partners such as ENIDH, was submitted in 2022 to the NRC
(Norwegian Research Council) for funding and was approved for a
two-year execution period (2023-2024).
The researchers
from the Infante D. Henrique Maritime College (ENIDH) were Professors
Luís Baptista (Principal Investigator), Pedro Teodoro, and Sandrina
Pereira.
The project's main objective was to analyze the
most important Generation IV nuclear reactor types for maritime
(merchant) propulsion, as well as reactor systems, waste handling, ship
systems and design, crew training, safety, and ship operation, among
other relevant aspects.
The Consortium- NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norway) - (coordinator)
- Knutsen O.A.S Shipping AS (Norway)
- Nyhill Shipping & Trading AS (Norway)
- IDOM (Spain)
- VARD Group AS (Norway)
- KTH Vetenskap Och Konst - Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm (Sweden)
- DNV - Det Norske Veritas (Norway)
- Sjøfartsdirektoratet - Norwegian Maritime Authority (Norway)
- ENIDH (Portugal)
- All nuclear reactor projects known up to the end of 2022 were analyzed.
- The results led to the selection of the following reactors:
- Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) using TRISO fuel, designed by Kairos Power (USA);
- Helium-cooled gas reactor using TRISO fuels, designed by Ultra Safe Nuclear Corporation
- (USA);
- Lead-cooled reactor, designed by Blykalla (Sweden).
By
selecting these reactor prototypes and their intrinsic properties, it
was concluded that a single nuclear reactor technology is not a solution
for the entire maritime industry. The NuProShip II project explores this matter in greater depth.
Preliminary
results indicate that the MSR (Molten Salt Reactor) will work best for
large vessels using steam turbine installations. The helium-cooled
reactor will work best for ships using an electric propulsion system.
The lead-cooled reactor will work best in situations where the ship's
load is more stable.
The project also studies the skills
and qualifications the crew must possess, making the development of a
proper education and training system an obviously complex task. This
topic was developed under the responsibility of ENIDH. It should be
noted that none of the reactor technologies selected in the project have
been used at sea to date. The closest existing example is the
lead-bismuth cooled reactor, which was used unsuccessfully by the
Russian Navy. A very clear
conclusion is that remote
monitoring/operation systems must be implemented in these types of
ships. Nuclear-powered warships currently in operation have reactor
operation crews that are too large for use on any type of merchant
vessel, due to crew availability and, ultimately, costs. Therefore,
remote monitoring/operations are seen as an essential measure to enable
the operation of nuclearpowered merchant ships with lower costs.
As
of 2025, the continuation of this project (NuProShip II) entered
execution and is currently underway, with a scheduled completion date at
the end of 2026, during which the previously described topics will continue to be developed.
Main Activities- Project launch meeting at DNV facilities, Oslo, January 4, 2023;
- Organization of the International Conference on Nuclear Propulsion for Shipping, held on June 3 and 4, 2024;
- Scientific publications.
Scientific Publications- Emblemsvåg,
J., Ordoñez, C. H., Tamm, C. G., Strand, T., Thoresen, H., Ortigosa, J.
S., Pérez, A., Colilles, Y. M., & Izquierdo, A. E. (2024, August
4–8). Criteria for selecting nuclear reactors for merchant shipping
[Paper presentation]. ASME 2024 31st International Conference on Nuclear
Engineering (ICONE31), Prague, Czech Republic. DOI: 10.1115/ICONE31-135177
- Pareliussen,
B., Baptista, L., Morland, E., Silva, S. R. e, Ovrum, E., &
Bjørnevik, E. (2024, June 17–19). Regulatory and organizational
challenges in implementing nuclear propulsion in deep-sea shipping
[Paper presentation]. SIM'24 – 1st International Conference on
Sustainable Initiatives in the Maritime Sector, Escola Superior Náutica
Infante D. Henrique (ENIDH), Paço de Arcos, Portugal.